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Every generator keeps its settings in the page’s address. Change a setting and the address changes with it, so the address always opens the figure you see. Copy it with the Share link button above the figure (or from the address bar) and anyone who opens it, whether a colleague, your students or you next year, gets the same figure, ready to download as a PNG or SVG, copy or print.
For example, this link opens a 50 mL buret reading 23.47 mL, with a magnifier and the answer key.
Nothing is saved on our servers: the link itself holds the settings.
Building a link
For developers, and for AI assistants writing a link for a teacher:
- A link is a generator’s address, then
?, then its parameters joined by&:https://chemistryfigures.com/volume-reading?instrument=buret&reading=23.47 - Give only what differs from the defaults. Anything left out takes its default.
- A value the page doesn’t understand is ignored, and numbers are kept in range and rounded to what the instrument can show, so a link always opens a figure.
- On/off parameters are
1or0. Choices are the exact lowercase words listed below. - Encode values as in any URL: a space as
+or%20, a plus sign as%2B, and JSON values percent-encoded. - The same reference as plain text: /llms.txt (a summary) and /llms-full.txt (every parameter).
Volume Reading
Open Volume Reading →https://chemistryfigures.com/volume-reading
Pick the instrument with instrument (and its size with size or beaker), and the volume it shows with reading, in mL. The reading is rounded to one digit past the smallest mark and kept on the scale.
Example links
- A 50 mL buret reading 23.47 mL, with a magnifier and the answer key.
https://chemistryfigures.com/volume-reading?instrument=buret&reading=23.47&answerKey=1 - A 10 mL graduated cylinder reading 6.54 mL, with no magnifier.
https://chemistryfigures.com/volume-reading?size=10&reading=6.54&view=whole - A 250 mL (medium) beaker of blue liquid at 175 mL, titled “Read the volume”.
https://chemistryfigures.com/volume-reading?instrument=beaker&reading=175&tint=blue&titleMode=text&title=Read+the+volume
How the parameters fit together
- size applies only to the graduated cylinder and beaker only to the beaker; a buret is always 50 mL and reads from 0 at the top.
- reading is rounded and clamped to the chosen instrument: cylinder 10: 0–10 mL to 2 decimal places; cylinder 25: 0–25 mL to 2 decimal places; cylinder 50: 0–50 mL to 1 decimal place; cylinder 100: 0–100 mL to 1 decimal place; cylinder 250: 10–250 mL to 1 decimal place; cylinder 1000: 0–1000 mL to whole mL; buret: 0–50 mL to 2 decimal places; beaker small: 0–50 mL to whole mL; beaker medium: 0–250 mL to whole mL; beaker large: 0–600 mL to whole mL.
- The magnifier is set with view for a cylinder or buret and with beakerView for a beaker (off by default, since beaker marks are coarse).
Parameters
| Parameter | What it does | Values | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
instrument | The volume instrument drawn. | cylinder, buret, beaker. cylinder: graduated cylinder; buret: 50 mL buret; beaker: beaker | cylinder |
size | The graduated cylinder’s capacity in mL. Used when instrument=cylinder. | 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 1000 | 100 |
beaker | The beaker’s size. Used when instrument=beaker. | small, medium, large. small 50 mL, medium 250 mL, large 600 mL | medium |
reading | The volume the liquid shows, in mL, read at the bottom of the meniscus. | 0 to 1000. Rounded and kept within the instrument’s scale (see notes) | 43.6 |
view | What the figure shows for a cylinder or buret. Used when instrument is cylinder or buret. | both, magnifier, whole. both: the instrument with a magnified circle of its scale beside it; magnifier: the magnified circle alone; whole: the instrument alone | both |
beakerView | What the figure shows for a beaker. Used when instrument=beaker. | both, magnifier, whole. both: the instrument with a magnified circle of its scale beside it; magnifier: the magnified circle alone; whole: the instrument alone | whole |
span | How many numbered marks the magnified circle spans; fewer marks means a bigger zoom. Rounded to a whole number. Used when view=both or view=magnifier. | 1 to 6 | 3 |
tint | The liquid’s color. Gray photocopies best. | gray, blue, red, green | gray |
titleMode | Whether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. | none, text. none: no title; text: the words in title | none |
title | The chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text. | up to 120 characters | (empty) |
answerKey | Prints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “Reading: 43.6 mL”. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |
Volume by Displacement
Open Volume by Displacement →https://chemistryfigures.com/volume-by-displacement
Two graduated cylinders side by side: before, with water at the before reading, and after, with the object in and water at the after reading. The object’s volume is after minus before.
Example links
- A rock raising the water in a 100 mL cylinder from 52.0 to 67.5 mL (a 15.5 mL rock), with the answer key.
https://chemistryfigures.com/volume-by-displacement?size=100&before=52&after=67.5&object=rock&answerKey=1 - Three marbles in a 25 mL cylinder, 12.50 to 15.75 mL, with magnifiers.
https://chemistryfigures.com/volume-by-displacement?size=25&before=12.5&after=15.75&marbles=3&view=both - A metal cylinder in a 50 mL cylinder, 20.0 to 27.0 mL, captioned “Initial” and “Final”.
https://chemistryfigures.com/volume-by-displacement?size=50&before=20&after=27&object=cylinder&beforeCaption=Initial&afterCaption=Final
How the parameters fit together
- before and after are in mL, rounded to the cylinder’s estimated digit (10 mL to 2 decimal places, 25 mL to 2 decimal places, 50 mL to 1 decimal place, 100 mL to 1 decimal place) and kept within its capacity.
- after is always higher than before: an after reading that isn’t is raised to one step above before.
- marbles sets how many marbles only when object=marbles.
Parameters
| Parameter | What it does | Values | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
size | Both cylinders’ capacity, in mL. | 10, 25, 50, 100 | 10 |
before | The water level before the object goes in, in mL. | 0 to 100 | 4 |
after | The water level with the object in, in mL. | 0 to 100. Always above before | 6 |
tint | The water’s color. Gray photocopies best. | gray, blue, red, green | gray |
object | The object dropped into the second cylinder. | marbles, rock, cube, cylinder. marbles: marbles; rock: rock; cube: cube; cylinder: metal cylinder | marbles |
marbles | How many marbles. Rounded to a whole number. Used when object=marbles. | 1 to 5 | 2 |
view | Whether a magnified circle of the scale is drawn beside each cylinder. | whole, both. whole: cylinders only; both: cylinders and magnifiers | whole |
span | How many numbered marks the magnified circle spans; fewer marks means a bigger zoom. Rounded to a whole number. Used when view=both. | 1 to 6 | 3 |
beforeCaption | The caption under the first cylinder. | up to 40 characters | Before |
afterCaption | The caption under the second cylinder. | up to 40 characters | After |
titleMode | Whether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. | none, text. none: no title; text: the words in title | none |
title | The chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text. | up to 120 characters | (empty) |
answerKey | Prints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “Before: 4.00 mL · After: 6.00 mL · Object: 2.00 mL”. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |
Gas Syringe
Open Gas Syringe →https://chemistryfigures.com/gas-syringe
A glass gas syringe lying on its side, marked every 1 and numbered every 10 from 0 at the nozzle, with the plunger pushed out to the volume of gas in reading. It can be drawn alone or collecting gas from a conical flask on a stand.
Example links
- A 100 cm³ gas syringe alone, holding 62.4 cm³ of gas, with no magnifier.
https://chemistryfigures.com/gas-syringe?reading=62.4&setup=syringe&view=whole - A 50 mL gas syringe collecting gas from a flask, reading 18.5 mL, with a magnifier and the answer key.
https://chemistryfigures.com/gas-syringe?size=50&unit=mL&reading=18.5&answerKey=1
How the parameters fit together
- reading is rounded to 1 decimal place and kept between 0 and the syringe’s size (50 or 100).
- unit only changes what the scale is labeled: 1 cm³ = 1 mL, so it never changes the reading.
Parameters
| Parameter | What it does | Values | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
size | The syringe’s capacity (50 or 100 cm³). Both are drawn the same length; the 50 is thinner. | 50, 100 | 100 |
unit | The unit printed on the scale and in the answer key. | cm3, mL. cm3: cm³; mL: mL | cm3 |
reading | The volume of gas collected, read at the plunger’s face. | 0 to 100. Rounded to 1 decimal place, 0 up to size | 43.6 |
setup | Whether the syringe is drawn alone or set up to collect gas. | syringe, setup. syringe: syringe only; setup: with a conical flask, delivery tube and stand | setup |
view | What the figure shows. The magnifier sits above the syringe. | both, magnifier, whole. both: the instrument with a magnified circle of its scale beside it; magnifier: the magnified circle alone; whole: the instrument alone | both |
span | How many numbered marks the magnified circle spans; fewer marks means a bigger zoom. Rounded to a whole number. Used when view=both or view=magnifier. | 1 to 6 | 2 |
titleMode | Whether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. | none, text. none: no title; text: the words in title | none |
title | The chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text. | up to 120 characters | (empty) |
answerKey | Prints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “Volume of gas: 43.6 cm³”. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |
Length Reading
Open Length Reading →https://chemistryfigures.com/length-reading
A metric (cm) or imperial (inch) ruler with an object lying along its top edge. length is the object’s length and start is where its left end sits, both in the ruler’s unit; start=0 lines it up with the 0 mark.
Example links
- A metal cylinder 6.42 cm long on a 15 cm ruler marked in mm, starting at 0, with the answer key.
https://chemistryfigures.com/length-reading?length=6.42&answerKey=1 - A rock from 2.3 cm to 8.1 cm on a 30 cm ruler marked every 1 cm, so students subtract the ends.
https://chemistryfigures.com/length-reading?cm=30&metricMarks=cm&object=rock&guides=1&length=5.8&start=2.3 - A cube 2 3/8 in long on a 6 in ruler marked in eighths, with no magnifiers.
https://chemistryfigures.com/length-reading?system=imperial&object=cube&length=2.375&view=whole
How the parameters fit together
- cm, metricMarks and read apply only when system=metric; inches and imperialMarks only when system=imperial.
- 5 cm and 10 cm marks (metricMarks=five or ten) are only for the 50 and 100 cm rulers; on a shorter ruler they become 1 cm marks.
- length and start are rounded to what the ruler reads: with read=estimate, one digit past the smallest mark (1 mm marks to 0.01 cm; 1 cm and 0.5 cm marks to 0.1 cm; 5 and 10 cm marks to 1 cm); with read=mark, to the nearest mark. Imperial lengths always land on a mark: write them as decimals (3.375 for 3 3/8 in).
- length is at least 0.5 cm (or 0.25 in, or one reading step if bigger) and start is kept so the object stays on the ruler.
Parameters
| Parameter | What it does | Values | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
system | Which kind of ruler. | metric, imperial. metric: centimeters; imperial: inches | metric |
cm | The metric ruler’s length in cm (100 is a meter stick). Used when system=metric. | 15, 20, 30, 50, 100 | 15 |
inches | The imperial ruler’s length in inches. Used when system=imperial. | 6, 8, 12, 20 | 6 |
metricMarks | The metric ruler’s smallest marks. Used when system=metric. | ten, five, cm, half, mm. ten: 10 cm; five: 5 cm; cm: 1 cm; half: 0.5 cm; mm: 1 mm | mm |
imperialMarks | Marks per inch on the imperial ruler (16 is sixteenths). Used when system=imperial. | 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 | 8 |
read | How far a metric reading goes. Used when system=metric. | estimate, mark. estimate: one estimated digit; mark: nearest mark | estimate |
object | The object lying along the ruler. | marbles, rock, cube, cylinder. marbles: marbles; rock: rock; cube: cube; cylinder: metal cylinder | cylinder |
marbles | How many marbles, in a row. Rounded to a whole number. Used when object=marbles. | 1 to 5 | 3 |
guides | Dashed lines from the object’s ends down to the ruler, for round objects whose ends are above where they touch it. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |
length | The object’s length, in cm or inches. | 0 to 100. Rounded to what the ruler reads (see notes) | 4.37 |
start | Where the object’s left end sits on the ruler, in cm or inches; 0 lines it up with the 0 mark. | 0 to 100 | 0 |
view | Whether magnified circles are drawn at the object’s ends: one on its right end, and one on its left end when that isn’t at 0. | both, whole. both: ruler and magnifiers; whole: ruler only | both |
span | How many numbered marks the magnified circle spans; fewer marks means a bigger zoom. Rounded to a whole number. Used when view=both. | 1 to 6 | 3 |
titleMode | Whether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. | none, text. none: no title; text: the words in title | none |
title | The chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text. | up to 120 characters | (empty) |
answerKey | Prints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “Length: 4.37 cm”. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |
Mass Reading
Open Mass Reading →https://chemistryfigures.com/mass-reading
A triple beam balance (610 g, read to 2 decimal places from its three riders) or a digital balance whose display shows mass in grams.
Example links
- A triple beam balance reading 347.85 g, with a magnifier on the front rider and the answer key.
https://chemistryfigures.com/mass-reading?mass=347.85&answerKey=1 - A digital balance showing 12.6 g with a rock on its pan.
https://chemistryfigures.com/mass-reading?instrument=digital&decimals=1&object=rock&mass=12.6 - An analytical balance (4 decimal places) showing 0.2534 g in a weigh boat.
https://chemistryfigures.com/mass-reading?instrument=digital&decimals=4&mass=0.2534
How the parameters fit together
- mass is in grams, rounded to the balance’s decimal places and kept between 0 and its capacity: triple beam 610 g to 2 places; digital 1 place: up to 1000 g; 2 places: up to 400 g; 3 places: up to 200 g, an analytical balance in a draft shield; 4 places: up to 200 g, an analytical balance in a draft shield.
- decimals and pan apply only to the digital balance; view and span only to the triple beam balance.
- An object other than none sits on either balance’s pan, in place of the digital balance’s pan contents.
Parameters
| Parameter | What it does | Values | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
instrument | Which balance. | triple-beam, digital. triple-beam: triple beam balance; digital: digital balance | triple-beam |
decimals | How many decimal places of grams the digital display shows. Rounded to a whole number. Used when instrument=digital. | 1 to 4 | 2 |
pan | What the digital balance’s pan holds. Used when instrument=digital and object=none. | boat, beaker, empty. boat: a weigh boat; beaker: a beaker; empty: nothing | boat |
object | An object on the pan, drawn as in Volume by Displacement. | none, marbles, rock, cube, cylinder. none: no object; marbles: marbles; rock: rock; cube: cube; cylinder: metal cylinder | none |
marbles | How many marbles. Rounded to a whole number. Used when object=marbles. | 1 to 5 | 2 |
mass | The mass shown, in grams. | 0 to 1000. Rounded and kept within the balance’s capacity (see notes) | 24.73 |
view | What a triple beam figure shows. Used when instrument=triple-beam. | both, whole, beams. both: the balance with a magnifier on the 0–10 g beam’s rider; whole: the balance alone; beams: just the beams and riders | both |
span | How many numbered marks the magnified circle spans; fewer marks means a bigger zoom. Rounded to a whole number. Used when instrument=triple-beam and view=both. | 1 to 6 | 3 |
titleMode | Whether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. | none, text. none: no title; text: the words in title | none |
title | The chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text. | up to 120 characters | (empty) |
answerKey | Prints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “Mass: 24.73 g”. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |
Temperature Reading
Open Temperature Reading →https://chemistryfigures.com/temperature-reading
A liquid-in-glass thermometer (read at the top of its liquid column, with an optional magnifier) or a digital probe thermometer standing in a beaker, showing reading in the chosen unit.
Example links
- A liquid-in-glass thermometer reading 78.5 °C, with a magnifier and the answer key.
https://chemistryfigures.com/temperature-reading?reading=78.5&answerKey=1 - A digital thermometer showing −12.35 °C.
https://chemistryfigures.com/temperature-reading?instrument=digital&decimals=2&reading=-12.35 - A liquid-in-glass thermometer marked in kelvins, reading 310.0 K, with a gray (mercury) column and no magnifier.
https://chemistryfigures.com/temperature-reading?unit=kelvin&reading=310&tint=gray&view=whole
How the parameters fit together
- reading is in the unit set by unit: unit=kelvin&reading=300 is 300 K. Give reading whenever you change unit, since the default 23.4 is outside the Kelvin glass scale and would be clamped to its bottom.
- On the glass thermometer reading is rounded to 1 decimal place and kept on the scale: -10 to 110 °C marked every 1, 260 to 390 K marked every 1, 10 to 230 °F marked every 2.
- On the digital thermometer reading is rounded to decimals places and kept within -50 to 150 °C, 223 to 423 K, -58 to 302 °F.
- decimals applies only to the digital thermometer; tint, view and span only to the glass one.
Parameters
| Parameter | What it does | Values | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
instrument | Which thermometer. | glass, digital. glass: liquid-in-glass thermometer; digital: digital probe thermometer | glass |
unit | The temperature scale the thermometer reads in. | celsius, kelvin, fahrenheit. celsius: °C; kelvin: K; fahrenheit: °F | celsius |
decimals | Decimal places on the digital display. Rounded to a whole number. Used when instrument=digital. | 0 to 2 | 1 |
reading | The temperature shown, in the chosen unit. | -100 to 500. Rounded and kept within the thermometer’s range (see notes) | 23.4 |
tint | The glass thermometer’s liquid color (red like alcohol, gray like mercury). Used when instrument=glass. | red, blue, gray | red |
view | What a glass thermometer figure shows. Used when instrument=glass. | both, magnifier, whole. both: the instrument with a magnified circle of its scale beside it; magnifier: the magnified circle alone; whole: the instrument alone | both |
span | How many numbered marks the magnified circle spans; fewer marks means a bigger zoom. Rounded to a whole number. Used when instrument=glass and view is both or magnifier. | 1 to 6 | 3 |
titleMode | Whether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. | none, text. none: no title; text: the words in title | none |
title | The chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text. | up to 120 characters | (empty) |
answerKey | Prints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “Temperature: 23.4 °C”. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |
pH Reading
Open pH Reading →https://chemistryfigures.com/ph-reading
A pH meter wired to an electrode in a beaker, digital or analog (a needle over a 0–14 dial), or a strip of universal indicator paper above its color chart, showing the pH in reading.
Example links
- A digital pH meter showing 8.34, with the answer key.
https://chemistryfigures.com/ph-reading?reading=8.34&answerKey=1 - An analog pH meter at pH 3.46, with a magnifier on the needle.
https://chemistryfigures.com/ph-reading?instrument=analog&reading=3.46 - pH paper that has turned the color for pH 11, above the 0–14 color chart.
https://chemistryfigures.com/ph-reading?instrument=paper&reading=11
How the parameters fit together
- reading is kept between 0 and 14 and rounded to what the instrument reads: the digital meter to decimals places, the analog meter to 2 places (marks every 0.2), and pH paper to the whole number whose color it matches.
- decimals applies only to the digital meter; view and span only to the analog meter.
- pH paper only works printed in color.
Parameters
| Parameter | What it does | Values | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
instrument | Which instrument. | digital, analog, paper. digital: digital pH meter; analog: analog pH meter; paper: pH paper and color chart | digital |
decimals | Decimal places on the digital display. Rounded to a whole number. Used when instrument=digital. | 1 to 2 | 2 |
reading | The pH shown. | 0 to 14. Rounded to what the instrument reads (see notes) | 4.62 |
view | What an analog meter figure shows. Used when instrument=analog. | both, magnifier, whole. both: the instrument with a magnified circle of its scale beside it; magnifier: the magnified circle alone; whole: the instrument alone | both |
span | How many numbered marks the magnified circle spans; fewer marks means a bigger zoom. Rounded to a whole number. Used when instrument=analog and view is both or magnifier. | 1 to 6 | 3 |
titleMode | Whether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. | none, text. none: no title; text: the words in title | none |
title | The chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text. | up to 120 characters | (empty) |
answerKey | Prints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “pH: 4.62”. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |
Titration Curve
Open Titration Curve →https://chemistryfigures.com/titration-curve
A graph of pH (up the side) against the volume of titrant added in mL (along the bottom) for one monoprotic acid titrated with NaOH or base titrated with HCl. The curve is worked out either from concentrations (source=chemistry) or from key points (source=points).
Example links
- Acetic acid (25.0 mL, 0.100 M, pKa 4.76) titrated with 0.100 M NaOH, with the equivalence and half-equivalence points marked.
https://chemistryfigures.com/titration-curve?halfMark=guides - Ammonia (0.100 M, pKb 4.75) titrated with 0.100 M HCl, the half-equivalence point marked with a dot.
https://chemistryfigures.com/titration-curve?analyte=weak-base&halfMark=dot&xTitle=Volume+of+HCl+added+%28mL%29 - A strong acid curve from key points (starting pH 1, equivalence at 20 mL and pH 7, ending pH 12.5), its equivalence label left blank for students.
https://chemistryfigures.com/titration-curve?source=points&analyte=strong-acid&startPH=1&eqMl=20&eqPH=7&endPH=12.5&eqLabelMode=blank
How the parameters fit together
- With source=chemistry (the default) the curve comes from analyteM, analyteMl, titrantM and pKa (weak acid) or pKb (weak base); the pH at each volume is solved exactly. startPH, eqMl, eqPH and endPH are ignored.
- With source=points the curve is a real titration curve bent to pass through startPH, the equivalence point (eqMl, eqPH) and endPH, which is the pH at the end of the x-axis. The concentrations are ignored.
- The defaults are 25.0 mL of 0.100 M acetic acid (pKa 4.76) titrated with 0.100 M NaOH. The page’s common titrations are all 25.0 mL of 0.100 M with 0.100 M: HCl with NaOH: analyte=strong-acid; CH₃COOH (acetic acid) with NaOH: analyte=weak-acid, pKa=4.76; HCOOH (formic acid) with NaOH: analyte=weak-acid, pKa=3.75; HF with NaOH: analyte=weak-acid, pKa=3.17; NaOH with HCl: analyte=strong-base; NH₃ (ammonia) with HCl: analyte=weak-base, pKb=4.75.
- The x-axis title is not changed by the link: for a base (analyte=strong-base or weak-base) also set xTitle, e.g. “Volume of HCl added (mL)”.
- The half-equivalence point (halfMark and its label) is drawn only for a weak acid or weak base.
- Axis ranges are text holding plain numbers. From xFrom to xTo counting by xStep makes the gridlines, at most 50 blocks per axis; an axis whose range can’t be used falls back to 0 to 15 by 1.
Parameters
| Parameter | What it does | Values | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
source | What the curve is worked out from. | chemistry, points. chemistry: concentrations; points: key points | chemistry |
analyte | What is in the flask. An acid is titrated with NaOH, a base with HCl. | strong-acid, weak-acid, strong-base, weak-base. strong-acid: strong acid with a strong base; weak-acid: weak acid with a strong base; strong-base: strong base with a strong acid; weak-base: weak base with a strong acid | weak-acid |
analyteM | The acid or base’s molarity, in M. Used when source=chemistry. | 0.0001 to 10 | 0.1 |
analyteMl | The volume of acid or base in the flask, in mL. Used when source=chemistry. | 0.1 to 1000 | 25 |
titrantM | The NaOH or HCl molarity, in M. Used when source=chemistry. | 0.0001 to 10 | 0.1 |
pKa | The weak acid’s pKa. Used when source=chemistry and analyte=weak-acid. | 0 to 14 | 4.76 |
pKb | The weak base’s pKb. Used when source=chemistry and analyte=weak-base. | 0 to 14 | 4.75 |
startPH | The pH before any titrant is added. Used when source=points. | 0 to 14 | 2.88 |
eqMl | The volume of titrant at the equivalence point, in mL. Used when source=points. | 0.01 to 1000 | 25 |
eqPH | The pH at the equivalence point. Used when source=points. | 0 to 14 | 8.73 |
endPH | The pH at the end of the x-axis. Used when source=points. | 0 to 14 | 12.52 |
eqMark | How the equivalence point is marked. | guides, dot, none. guides: dot and lines to the axes; dot: dot; none: not marked | guides |
eqLabelMode | The equivalence point’s label. Used when eqMark is not none. | text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothing | text |
eqLabel | The equivalence point label’s words. Used when eqLabelMode=text. | up to 120 characters | Equivalence point |
halfMark | How the half-equivalence point is marked. Used when analyte is weak-acid or weak-base. | guides, dot, none. guides: dot and lines to the axes; dot: dot; none: not marked | none |
halfLabelMode | The half-equivalence point’s label. Used when halfMark is not none. | text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothing | text |
halfLabel | The half-equivalence point label’s words. Used when halfLabelMode=text. | up to 120 characters | Half-equivalence point |
color | The curve’s color. | black, blue, red, green, orange, purple | blue |
xFrom | The x-axis’s start, in mL, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). | up to 120 characters | 0 |
xTo | The x-axis’s end, in mL; the curve runs to here, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). | up to 120 characters | 50 |
xStep | The x-axis’s gridline spacing, in mL, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). | up to 120 characters | 2 |
yFrom | The y-axis’s start, in pH, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). | up to 120 characters | 0 |
yTo | The y-axis’s end, in pH, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). | up to 120 characters | 14 |
yStep | The y-axis’s gridline spacing, in pH, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). | up to 120 characters | 1 |
xEvery | Number every nth x gridline; 0 leaves the x-axis unnumbered. | 1, 2, 5, 10, 0 | 5 |
yEvery | Number every nth y gridline; 0 leaves the y-axis unnumbered. | 1, 2, 5, 10, 0 | 2 |
title | The chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text. | up to 120 characters | (empty) |
titleMode | The chart title across the top. | text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothing | none |
xTitle | The x-axis title’s words. Used when xTitleMode=text. | up to 120 characters | Volume of NaOH added (mL) |
xTitleMode | The x-axis title. | text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothing | text |
yTitle | The y-axis title’s words. Used when yTitleMode=text. | up to 120 characters | pH |
yTitleMode | The y-axis title. | text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothing | text |
xLabel | The letter at the end of the x-axis. Used when xLabelMode=text. | up to 120 characters | x |
xLabelMode | Whether the x-axis has a letter at its end. | text, none | none |
yLabel | The letter at the end of the y-axis. Used when yLabelMode=text. | up to 120 characters | y |
yLabelMode | Whether the y-axis has a letter at its end. | text, none | none |
xStartCap | How the x-axis’s left end is finished. | triangle, line, circle, none | none |
xEndCap | How the x-axis’s right end is finished. | triangle, line, circle, none | none |
yStartCap | How the y-axis’s bottom end is finished. | triangle, line, circle, none | none |
yEndCap | How the y-axis’s top end is finished. | triangle, line, circle, none | none |
minor | Minor gridlines: how many parts each grid block is split into; 0 for none. | 0, 2, 4, 5 | 0 |
labelSize | How big the figure’s text is compared to its lines. | small, medium, large | medium |
Particle Diagram
Open Particle Diagram →https://chemistryfigures.com/particle-diagram
Atoms, ions and molecules drawn as plain discs, either scattered at random in a fixed square box (layout=scattered, from the particles list) or packed in a lattice (layout=lattice, from main and second). An optional key beside the box names each kind.
Example links
- A gas mixture: 5 diatomic molecules of dark gray atoms and 4 large white atoms, scattered in a box with a key naming them.
https://chemistryfigures.com/particle-diagram?particles=%5B%7B%22count%22%3A5%2C%22shape%22%3A%22pair%22%2C%22look%22%3A%7B%22size%22%3A%22m%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22dark%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D%2C%22outer%22%3A%7B%22size%22%3A%22m%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22dark%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D%2C%22name%22%3A%22Cl%E2%82%82+molecule%22%7D%2C%7B%22count%22%3A4%2C%22shape%22%3A%22single%22%2C%22look%22%3A%7B%22size%22%3A%22l%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22white%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D%2C%22outer%22%3A%7B%22size%22%3A%22s%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22white%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D%2C%22name%22%3A%22Ar+atom%22%7D%5D&show=both - An ionic solid: a 4 × 4 alternating lattice of large − ions and small + ions, with a key naming them Cl⁻ and Na⁺.
https://chemistryfigures.com/particle-diagram?layout=lattice&columns=4&mainName=Cl%E2%81%BB+ion&secondName=Na%E2%81%BA+ion&show=both - An interstitial alloy: a 5 × 6 lattice of gray atoms with 6 tiny black atoms in the gaps, and a key.
https://chemistryfigures.com/particle-diagram?layout=lattice&pattern=interstitial&rows=5&columns=6&main=%7B%22size%22%3A%22l%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22gray%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D&second=%7B%22size%22%3A%22xs%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22black%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D&secondCount=6&mainName=Fe+atom&secondName=C+atom&show=both
How the parameters fit together
- particles is a URL-encoded JSON array of 1 to 4 particle kinds, each {"count":0–60,"shape":…,"look":LOOK,"outer":LOOK,"name":"…"}. shape is one of single (alone), pair (pair), bent (bent), line (in a line), triangle (three around), cross (four around); look is the center (or only) disc and outer every disc around it. A look is {"size":…,"shade":…,"charge":…}, where size is xs, s, m, l, xl; shade is white (white), light (light gray), gray (gray), dark (dark gray), black (black); and charge is "" (none, an atom), +, -, 2+, 2-, 3+, 3-. A missing count is 1, a missing look is medium white with no charge, a missing outer is small white with no charge, and name (up to 40 characters) is what the key calls the kind. A kind with count 0 appears only in the key. Particles that don’t fit in the box are left out.
- seed picks the random positions (and, in a lattice, which sites get the second kind); the same seed always gives the same figure.
- In a lattice, pattern=pure uses main only; alternate alternates main and second like an ionic solid; substitute swaps secondCount sites for second (room for rows × columns); interstitial puts secondCount second atoms in the gaps between four (room for (rows − 1) × (columns − 1), e.g. 12 in a 4 × 5 lattice).
- border applies to the scattered box and latticeBorder to the lattice (none by default).
Parameters
| Parameter | What it does | Values | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
layout | How the particles are arranged. | scattered, lattice. scattered: at random in a box, for a gas, liquid or solution; lattice: packed in a grid, for a solid | scattered |
particles | The particle kinds scattered in the box, as JSON (see notes). Used when layout=scattered. | JSON, URL-encoded | [{"count":4,"shape":"single","look":{"size":"l","shade":"light","charge":"-"},"outer":{"size":"s","shade":"white","charge":""}},{"count":4,"shape":"single","look":{"size":"s","shade":"white","charge":"+"},"outer":{"size":"s","shade":"white","charge":""}}] |
seed | Which random arrangement is drawn. Rounded to a whole number. | 1 to 999999 | 2 |
border | The scattered box’s border. Used when layout=scattered. | single, double, none | single |
pattern | The lattice’s pattern. Used when layout=lattice. | pure, alternate, substitute, interstitial. pure: one kind (a pure metal); alternate: alternating (an ionic solid); substitute: substitutional alloy; interstitial: interstitial alloy | alternate |
rows | The lattice’s rows. Rounded to a whole number. Used when layout=lattice. | 1 to 12 | 4 |
columns | The lattice’s columns. Rounded to a whole number. Used when layout=lattice. | 1 to 12 | 5 |
spacing | Whether the lattice’s atoms or ions touch or are evenly spaced apart. Used when layout=lattice. | touching, spaced | touching |
main | The lattice’s main atom or ion, as JSON: {"size":…,"shade":…,"charge":…}. Used when layout=lattice. | JSON, URL-encoded | {"size":"l","shade":"light","charge":"-"} |
second | The lattice’s second atom or ion, as JSON like main. Used when layout=lattice and pattern is not pure. | JSON, URL-encoded | {"size":"s","shade":"white","charge":"+"} |
secondCount | How many second atoms a substitutional or interstitial lattice has, up to its room (see notes). Rounded to a whole number. Used when pattern is substitute or interstitial. | 0 to 144 | 4 |
mainName | The key’s name for the lattice’s main kind. Used when layout=lattice. | up to 40 characters | (empty) |
secondName | The key’s name for the lattice’s second kind. Used when layout=lattice and pattern is not pure. | up to 40 characters | (empty) |
latticeBorder | The border around a lattice. Used when layout=lattice. | single, double, none | none |
show | What the figure shows. | box, both, key. box: the box only; both: the box and its key; key: the key only (so separate answer choices can share one key) | box |
keyNote | A note line at the bottom of the key, e.g. “H₂O molecules are not shown”. Used when show is both or key. | up to 80 characters | (empty) |
titleMode | Whether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. | none, text. none: no title; text: the words in title | none |
title | The chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text. | up to 120 characters | (empty) |
Bohr Model
Open Bohr Model →https://chemistryfigures.com/bohr-model
One atom or ion: a nucleus of protons and neutrons with electrons as dots on rings. The link gives the counts themselves (protons, neutrons, and electrons on each shell); there is no element parameter, and nothing is checked, so any counts draw exactly as given.
Example links
- A sodium atom: 11 protons and 12 neutrons as balls, electrons 2, 8, 1, with shell labels and a key.
https://chemistryfigures.com/bohr-model?protons=11&neutrons=12&electrons=2-8-1&key=1&shellLabels=1 - A chloride ion, Cl⁻ (2, 8, 8), in brackets, with its gained electron in green.
https://chemistryfigures.com/bohr-model?protons=17&neutrons=18&electrons=2-8-8&gainedLost=1&brackets=1 - An oxygen atom with its nucleus written as text and its rings left empty for students to draw the electrons.
https://chemistryfigures.com/bohr-model?protons=8&neutrons=8&nucleus=text&electrons=2-6&emptyRings=1
How the parameters fit together
- electrons lists each shell’s electrons from the nucleus out, joined by hyphens: 2-8-1 is sodium’s. 1 to 7 shells, each 0 to 32.
- To draw an element, set protons to its atomic number, neutrons to its mass number minus that, and electrons to its shells (the page uses the atomic mass rounded to a whole number; Cl is 17 protons, 18 neutrons, 2-8-7). For an ion, change only electrons: Na⁺ is protons=11&neutrons=12&electrons=2-8.
- The charge (protons minus electrons) is worked out, never given. brackets draws square brackets and the charge around an ion; a neutral atom is never bracketed.
- nucleus=balls draws proton and neutron balls only up to 40 of them combined; past that it shows the counts as text.
- gainedLost shows how the shells differ from the neutral atom’s (gained electrons in gainedColor, lost ones as dashed empty spots) only when protons is an element’s atomic number and emptyRings is off.
Parameters
| Parameter | What it does | Values | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
protons | The number of protons. Rounded to a whole number. | 0 to 200. Up to 200 | 6 |
neutrons | The number of neutrons. Rounded to a whole number. | 0 to 200. Up to 200 | 6 |
nucleus | How the nucleus is drawn. | balls, text, blank. balls: proton and neutron balls; text: the counts written in a circle; blank: an empty circle for students | balls |
seed | Which random mix of proton and neutron balls is drawn. Rounded to a whole number. Used when nucleus=balls. | 1 to 999999 | 1 |
electrons | The electrons on each shell, innermost first. | whole numbers joined by hyphens, e.g. 2-8-1 (1 to 7 shells, each 0 to 32) | 2-4 |
placement | How electrons sit on each ring. | even, paired. even: spread evenly; paired: the first four singly at top, right, bottom and left, then in pairs, as in Lewis structures (up to 8 per shell; fuller shells are spread evenly) | even |
emptyRings | Draws the rings without electrons, for students to draw them. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |
protonColor | The proton balls’ color. Used when nucleus=balls. | red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, gray, white, black | red |
protonSymbol | The symbol written on each proton ball or dot, or none. | +, p, p+, (empty). p+ is written p⁺; empty for none | + |
neutronColor | The neutron balls’ color. Used when nucleus=balls. | red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, gray, white, black | gray |
neutronSymbol | The symbol written on each neutron ball or dot, or none. | 0, n, n0, (empty). n0 is written n⁰; empty for none | (empty) |
electronColor | The electron dots’ color. | red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, gray, white, black | blue |
electronSymbol | The symbol written on each electron ball or dot, or none. | -, e, e-, (empty). e- is written e⁻; empty for none. An electron with a symbol is drawn larger | (empty) |
gainedLost | Shows gained and lost electrons compared with the neutral atom (see notes). | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |
gainedColor | The gained electrons’ color. Used when gainedLost=1. | red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, gray, white, black | green |
brackets | Puts an ion in square brackets with its charge at the top right. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |
key | Draws a key beside the model naming each part drawn as a ball or dot. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |
shellLabels | Writes n = 1, n = 2… on each ring. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |
titleMode | Whether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. | none, text. none: no title; text: the words in title | none |
title | The chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text. | up to 120 characters | (empty) |
Lewis Structures
Open Lewis Structures →https://chemistryfigures.com/lewis-structures
The Lewis structure of one molecule or polyatomic ion, from formula. It always starts correct; scaffold turns it into a “complete this” question, and central or changes turn it into a “find the mistake” question.
Example links
- Sulfate, SO₄²⁻, under the octet rule, in brackets, with formal charges.
https://chemistryfigures.com/lewis-structures?formula=SO4+2-&formalCharges=1 - All three resonance structures of nitrate, NO₃⁻, joined by ↔.
https://chemistryfigures.com/lewis-structures?formula=NO3-&resonance=all - The skeleton of ammonia, NH₃, shaped, for students to complete, with the full structure as the answer key.
https://chemistryfigures.com/lewis-structures?formula=NH3&shape=shaped&scaffold=skeleton&answerKey=1 - Carbon dioxide wrongly built around an O atom, for students to find the mistake, which the answer key names.
https://chemistryfigures.com/lewis-structures?formula=CO2¢ral=O&answerKey=1
How the parameters fit together
- formula is a formula such as H2O, CH4, NH4+, SO4 2- or SO4^2- (a charge of 2 or more needs a space, ^ or parentheses before it: SO42- would be 42 oxygens), or pasted with real subscripts (SO₄²⁻). URL-encode it: a space is + or %20 and a plus sign is %2B, so NH4+ is formula=NH4%2B and SO4 2- is formula=SO4+2-.
- Molecules with more than one central atom come from a list and can also be given by name: ethane (C2H6), ethene (C2H4), ethyne (C2H2), methanol (CH3OH), ethanol (C2H5OH), dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3), acetic acid (CH3COOH), acetate (CH3COO-), formic acid (HCOOH), methylamine (CH3NH2), hydrazine (N2H4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitrous oxide (N2O), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), nitrous acid (HNO2), nitric acid (HNO3), carbonic acid (H2CO3), hydrogen carbonate (HCO3-), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), perchloric acid (HClO4).
- When a formula matches more than one listed structure by its atoms, which picks one by id: ethanol, dimethyl-ether.
- rule decides which correct structure is built where textbooks disagree (SO₄²⁻, PO₄³⁻, ClO₄⁻, SO₂, SO₃): octet gives every atom an octet with formal charges; fewest lets period 3 and lower atoms exceed eight electrons for the fewest formal charges.
- A figure is either a “complete this” question or a “find the mistake” question: when central or changes change the structure, it is drawn in full as one structure, whatever scaffold and resonance say.
- answerKey prints, under a scaffolded structure, the full structure, and under a changed one, a list of its mistakes. A correct full structure has no answer key.
Parameters
| Parameter | What it does | Values | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
formula | The molecule or ion, as a formula or a listed name (see notes). | up to 40 characters. Up to 40 characters | H2O |
which | Which listed structure, by id, when several share the formula’s atoms. | up to 40 characters. A listed id, e.g. ethanol or dimethyl-ether | (empty) |
rule | The structure rule. | octet, fewest. octet: the octet rule; fewest: fewest formal charges | octet |
resonance | For a molecule or ion with resonance structures, whether to draw one of them or all of them in a row joined by ↔. | one, all | one |
form | Which resonance structure to draw, counting from 1. Rounded to a whole number; past the last one draws the last. Used when resonance=one. | 1 to 99 | 1 |
shape | How the atoms are placed. | flat, shaped. flat: outer atoms on the four sides, as in most textbooks; shaped: hinting at the real shape (bent H₂O) | flat |
bondStyle | How bonds are drawn. | lines, dots. lines: a line per shared pair; dots: two dots per shared pair | lines |
formalCharges | Labels atoms with their formal charges. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |
scaffold | How much of the structure a “complete this” question gives. | full, bonds, skeleton. full: the whole structure; bonds: bonds without lone electrons; skeleton: just the atoms placed | full |
central | Rebuilds a structure made from its formula around another of its elements as the central atom, making a “find the mistake” question. | up to 2 characters. An element symbol in the formula, e.g. O in CO2; ignored for listed structures and formulas under 3 atoms | (empty) |
changes | Edits to the correct structure, for a “find the mistake” question. Atoms and bonds are numbered from 0 in the structure’s own order, so these are easiest made on the page and copied with Share link. | items joined by dots: bN_O sets bond N to order O (0–3); lN_E gives atom N E lone electrons (0–8); fN_C labels atom N with formal charge C; k_1 or k_0 turns brackets on or off; q_C writes the ion’s charge as C. A negative number is written with m, e.g. f2_m1 | (empty) |
titleMode | Whether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. | none, text. none: no title; text: the words in title | none |
title | The chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text. | up to 120 characters | (empty) |
answerKey | Prints the answer key under the figure: the full structure under a scaffolded one, the list of mistakes under a changed one. Used when scaffold is not full, or the structure is changed. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |
Orbital Diagram
Open Orbital Diagram →https://chemistryfigures.com/orbital-diagram
One atom or ion’s ground-state electron configuration drawn as up and down arrows in a square (or line) per orbital, with sublevel labels under them. The atom is z (its atomic number) and charge; the configuration is worked out from them.
Example links
- Iron, Fe, with its [Ar] noble gas core and the answer key.
https://chemistryfigures.com/orbital-diagram?z=26&core=1&answerKey=1 - The Fe³⁺ ion (3d⁵, having lost both 4s electrons and one 3d), its sublevels stacked by energy, with its configuration written under it.
https://chemistryfigures.com/orbital-diagram?z=26&charge=3&arrangement=energy&configLine=text - Chromium, the exception [Ar] 4s¹ 3d⁵, with a blank line for students to write the configuration.
https://chemistryfigures.com/orbital-diagram?z=24&core=1&configLine=blank - Nitrogen drawn breaking Hund’s rule (a pair in 2p while an orbital is empty), with the answer key naming the rule.
https://chemistryfigures.com/orbital-diagram?z=7&changes=%7B%222p%22%3A%5B%22ud%22%2C%22u%22%2C%22%22%5D%7D&answerKey=1
How the parameters fit together
- z is the atomic number, 1 to 118: z=26 is iron. charge is the ion’s charge (positive means fewer electrons than protons) and is never more than z.
- An ion loses its outermost electrons first, as textbooks teach, so Fe²⁺ (z=26&charge=2) is [Ar] 3d⁶, having lost both 4s electrons.
- rule=real draws exceptions such as Cr ([Ar] 4s¹ 3d⁵) and Cu as they really are; rule=filling draws every element as the filling order predicts.
- changes is URL-encoded JSON for a “which rule is broken?” question: an object from sublevel name to that sublevel’s orbitals, left to right, each one of "" empty, "u" up, "d" down, "ud" pair, "uu" two up, "dd" two down; e.g. {"2p":["ud","u",""]}. The list must have one entry per orbital (s 1, p 3, d 5, f 7) and the sublevel must be drawn (extra can draw up to 3 empty ones past the last filled). Changes that match the ground state are dropped.
- answerKey prints the species and its ground-state configuration (e.g. “Fe²⁺: [Ar] 3d⁶”) and, for a changed diagram, whether it is an excited state or not allowed and each rule it breaks.
Parameters
| Parameter | What it does | Values | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
z | The element’s atomic number. Rounded to a whole number. | 1 to 118 | 8 |
charge | The ion’s charge; 0 for a neutral atom. Rounded to a whole number. | -4 to 8 | 0 |
rule | How exceptions are drawn. | real, filling. real: as they really are; filling: as the filling order predicts | real |
order | The order sublevels are drawn in. | filling, shell. filling: the order they fill (4s before 3d); shell: grouped by shell (3d before 4s) | filling |
core | Writes the noble gas core in brackets, like [Ar], and draws only the orbitals after it. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |
arrows | The electrons’ arrow style. | full, half. full: full arrows; half: half arrows | full |
orbitals | How each orbital is drawn. | squares, lines. squares: a square box; lines: a line | squares |
arrangement | How the sublevels are laid out. | row, energy. row: side by side, wrapping onto more rows; energy: stacked by energy, each sublevel a step higher than the one before it in filling order, with s, p, d and f in their own columns (order then changes only the written configuration) | row |
symbol | The element symbol (with its charge) beside the diagram. | text, blank, none. text: written; blank: a blank line for students; none: not drawn | text |
labels | The sublevel labels (1s, 2p…) under the orbitals. | text, blank, none. text: written; blank: a blank line for students; none: not drawn | text |
electrons | Draws the electrons; 0 draws empty orbitals for students to fill. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 1 |
configLine | The written configuration (e.g. 1s² 2s² 2p⁴) under the diagram. | text, blank, none. text: written; blank: a blank line for students; none: not drawn | none |
extra | How many more empty sublevels to draw after the last filled one, so electrons can be moved up into them. Rounded to a whole number. | 0 to 3 | 0 |
changes | The teacher’s changes to orbitals, as JSON (see notes). | JSON, URL-encoded | {} |
titleMode | Whether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. | none, text. none: no title; text: the words in title | none |
title | The chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text. | up to 120 characters | (empty) |
answerKey | Prints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “O: 1s² 2s² 2p⁴”. | 1 (on) or 0 (off) | 0 |